Surprisingly, a different study found that phantom breast experiences were more common in women who had a mastectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) than in women who had the surgery for invasive breast cancers (stage 1 to stage 4 tumors) . People have no idea what saving granny was really all about, and what its doing to their mental health. CRamachandran We would like to believe that ghosts are confined to the realm of fiction. Long-term effects of breast cancer surgery, treatment, and survivor care. Please, I hated wearing a mask, says the 35-year-old marketing specialist from Toronto, Canada. the mask of the imposter often called imposter syndrome. (Post-COVID stress disorder): The nightmare we will have for the rest of our lives: youre walking down the street when you suddenly realize that youre naked, but its just your face. The notion of the phantom is at once comforting and chilling. All Rights Reserved, Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography, Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience, Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment, Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine, 2000;57(3):317-320. doi:10.1001/archneur.57.3.317. The fact that phantom limb sometimes fades with time also seems to support the delusion hypothesis: Patients are getting over it or coming to their senses. Phantom limb syndrome was first described in 1552 by French surgeon Ambroise Par, who operated on wounded soldiers and wrote about patients who complained of pain in amputated limbs. It was the opposite for me. I predict masks are going to be the next pandemic, says Kevins, who lives alone. The elementary visual hallucinations were most often white or colored light, as a continuous sharp light or as moving dots. Since a larger amount of cortex is now devoted to the region proximal to the stump, would there be an improvement in tactile acuity in these regions? The mechanism behind phantom breast syndrome isn't entirely clear, but it's thought that phantom pain and other phantom breast sensations occur via different mechanisms (although both are often present). Weight gain. phantom limb syndrome, the ability to feel sensations and even pain in a limb or limbs that no longer exist. Since the stimulus now activates the hand area of the cortex, would the person feel that he was being touched on his hand as well? Nancy Darling, Ph.D., is a professor of psychology at Oberlin College. The idea of masking the entire population regardless of age, comorbidities and actual infection was the result of sheer group hypnosis fed by unsubstantiated fear. In fact, counters the contrarian social worker, people wearing masks are getting COVID at an alarming rate. The emergence of these ghostly sensations led the Sea Lord to proclaim that he now had "direct proof" for the existence of the soul. 64(6):713-724.doi:10.1111/jmwh.13012. [9] It has been suggested that, when anticipating a phone call, the cerebral cortex may misinterpret other sensory input (such as muscle contractions, pressure from clothing, or music) as a phone vibration or ring tone. Taken collectively, these findings provide strong support for the remapping hypothesis. $2.00 coupon applied at checkout Save $2.00 with coupon (some sizes/colors) FREE delivery Thu, Mar 9 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon. Phantom face mask syndrome Discussion This might sound weird but is anyone else finding that they can still feel a mask on their face when they get home after a long shift? Journal of Physical Therapy Science. The most frequent triggers were darkness, closing of the eyes, fatigue, and psychological stress; 54% of patients had the experience more than once a week. Its a modern day plague that experts say is akin to Stockholm Syndrome, but for facial coverings. Indeed, it is not inconceivable that even other neurological syndromes such as focal dystonias, dyspraxias, and hemipareses may be caused, at least in part, by a temporary "inhibition" of sorts and may therefore benefit from visual feedback provided by the mirror. A person in this condition would sooner expose genitalia in public than the lower half of the face (which is equally pale; see Orca Face). VSBehavioral and MEG correlates of neural plasticity in the adult human brain. In addition, phantoms sometimes "stick" in the last position they occupied before removalfor instance, patients feeling as if their arms are still in the sling they wore leading up to the operation. Distinct, though closely linked to phantom limb syndrome, which is non-painful, is phantom limb pain. Its a modern day plague that experts say is akin to Stockholm Syndrome, but for facial coverings. Terms of Use| Another strange clinical phenomenon is when amputees report feeling sensation in their phantoms when another part of their body (usually the face) is stimulated. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. 69. We now find that if a patient with a "moveable" phantom limb (ie, one he can control volitionally) tries to produce dissimilar movements with his phantom limb and his real arm, he experiences a similar interference. ERamachandran In fact, counters the contrarian social worker, people wearing masks are getting COVID at an alarming rate. [9] Some individuals may be seriously bothered by the sensations. Almost all service industry companies in Japan require their female staff to smile for long periods of time. Some patients feel as if they can move their arm just as easily as they had before the amputation. This community is a safe space for everyone who religiously adheres to the tenets of the Church of COVID. LJanzer Like how people who lose their limbs in an accident sometimes still sort of feel them. Ramachandran [9], Little research has been done on treatment for phantom vibrations. 'It's all done with mirrors': V.S. 2000;57(3):317320. An early study by Teuber et al20 hinted at this possibility but further experiments are needed to confirm this. Nonpainful sensations can be divided into the perception of movement and the perception of external sensations (exteroception), including touch, temperature, pressure, vibration, and itch. Its a seasonal cold. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, Source: U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Joseph A. Boomhower/Wikimedia Commons. et al. Journal of Pain Research. We tested 18 patients with either arm amputation or brachial avulsion, and found that 8 patients systematically referred sensation from the face to the phantom limb.3,4 In many of them, there was a topographically organized map of the hand on the lower face region (Figure 2) and the referred sensations were modality specific. I hated wearing a mask, says the 35-year-old marketing specialist from Toronto, Canada. FPhantom lower limb as a perceptual marker for neural plasticity in the mature human brain. VSRogers-Ramachandran I had taken it off but it still felt like it was on. If there is no tissue, there ought to be no feeling. Also, as noted, CBD oil may be used topically, and is available in some regions where other cannabinoids are not. After Lord Nelson lost his right arm during an attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife, he experienced compelling phantom limb pain, including the strange sensation of fingers digging into his phantom palm. In 1872, Silas Weir Mitchell, the doctor who coined the term phantom limb, began to suggest that the syndrome was not psychosomatic. Remarkably, 6 of 10 patients using this procedure claimed that they could now actually feelnot merely seemovements emerging in the phantom limb. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologa e Obstetricia. What Are the Symptoms of Metastatic Breast Cancer? When evaluating possible phantom breast pain, other causes of pain should be ruled out, such as pain related to recurrence of the tumor, pain related to radiation fibrosis, pain related to chemotherapy neuropathy, musculoskeletal pain that may be helped by physical therapy, etc. When used for chronic pain associated with phantom limb pain, capsaicin patches have been found to significantly reduce pain, and fMRI scans have confirmed changes in the brain that correlate with this improvement.. LFishman Heard Immunity: A natural resistance to streaming any more movies featuring the late actor John Heard, including but not limited to Home Alone, C.H.U.D., Heart Beat, and Cat People.. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Although it may sound like something out of science fiction, a Kafka novel, or a bad comedy sketch on SNL, the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) is seeing more and more cases of people like Kevins with Phantom Mask Syndrome. If so, can this component caused by a temporary neural inhibition or "block" be overcome by using a mirror? 3.9 3.9 out of 5 stars (20) $10.99 $ 10. Patients describe pain in their limbs as anything from burning, cramping, or stabbing to an . +3 colors/patterns. Many women hesitate to bring up phantom breast symptoms to their doctors, but it's important to share what you are feeling. The 2 Most Psychologically Incisive Films of 2022, The Surprising Role of Empathy in Traumatic Bonding. Accepted for publication February 19, 1999. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. It seems likely that such improvement would occur more readily for tactile hyperacuity rather than 2-point discrimination. Although there have been hundreds of case studies since that time, systematic experimental work began only 7 years ago,3,4 inspired in part by the demonstration of striking changes in somatotopic maps following deafferentation.5,6 Pons et al7 demonstrated that 11 years after dorsal rhizotomy in adult monkeys, the region corresponding to the hand in the cortical somatotopic map, area 3b, can be activated by stimuli delivered to the monkey's ipsilateral facedirect evidence that a massive reorganization of topography had occurred in area 3b. Last edited on 16 February 2023, at 16:55, "I Hear Ringing and There's No One There. B.O.S. 2 Pack Masquerade Mask Phantom of The Opera Half Face Mask Mens Mask Half Face Halloween Costume Party Mask Mardi Gras Mask. People have no idea what saving granny was really all about, and what its doing to their mental health. 1985;56(12):2898-2901. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19851215)56:12<2898::aid-cncr2820561229>3.0.co;2-j, Medina Jde M, Fabro EA, Amaral e Silva Bd, Thuler LC, Bergmann A. Frequncia e fatores associados sndrome da mama fantasma em mulheres submetidas mastectomia por cncer de mama [Frequency and associated factors of phantom breast syndrome in women submitted to mastectomy for breast cancer]. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. All Rights Reserved. A person with intact limbs finds it very difficult to tap his head with one hand while making circular movements on his belly simultaneously with the other hand. These maladies can range from (but are not. And while the doctors of Twitter recommend wearing two to three masks and even goggles, its getting harder and harder for people like Kevins to break free and see the truth. He noted the remarkable certainty with which amputees described their phantom motions. DSynaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors. Chronic breast pain is common after breast cancer surgery, affecting up to 50% of women. By moving the intact limb and watching its reflection in the mirror, a patient can train the brain to move the phantom limb and thus relieve the learned paralysis and associated pain. Teuber Capsaicin 8% patches have also found to provide significant pain relief in people who are living with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy after breast cancer treatment. VSBimanual coupling in amputees with phantom limbs. Their advice just doesnt feel right, she laments. The diagnosis of phantom breast sensations is primarily made by history, and by exclusion of other causes of pain. How Psychologically Conditioned Rats Are Defusing Landmines, The Innate Intelligence Observed in the Dying Process. [1] Natsume proposed the disorder after counselling students from the university in his practice and noticing that a number of students had spent so much time faking their smiles that they were unaware that they were smiling even while relating stressful or upsetting experiences to him. Phantom limb syndrome is a condition in which patients experience sensations, whether painful or otherwise, in a limb that does not exist. [5][6][7][8], Phantom ringing may be experienced while taking a shower, watching television, or using a noisy device. There's the mask of the imposter, the mask of the phantom. Moreover, how could he feel it, not as a vague object stuck to the end of his arm, but as the delicate and refined hand of a master pianist? Social networks, social support, and burden in relationships, and mortality after breast cancer diagnosis in the Life After Breast Cancer Epidemiology (LACE) study. HElbert The mirror box, a novel therapy for phantom limb syndrome developed in the mid-1990s, has been used by a small number of patients. These Twitter Doctors are often paid big bonuses on top of their regular salaries to use social media to parrot government and media pandemic messaging. A phantom limb can manifest in many different ways. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) can be a disease stacked high with so-called invisible symptoms things that happen to our bodies that no one else can see. S Journal of Pain Research. Hebb Lecture. Its a seasonal cold. I thought I had COVID, she tells Woke Up! Phantosmia is a disorder linked to a person's sense of smell. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), while not studied widely in people who have phantom breast pain, appears to be helpful for post-mastectomy pain in general.. Mirror box used to provide visual feedback. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. Other treatments (such as radiation therapy) were likewise not associated with the occurrence of phantom breast sensations. Lynne Eldrige, MD, is a lung cancer physician, patient advocate, and award-winning author of "Avoiding Cancer One Day at a Time.". Phantom limbs are not unique to amputees. 2023 American Medical Association. Ad Choices, Sign up for the Daily Humor newsletter and get. Depending on the severity of discomfort and its impact on your life, your oncologist may recommend a pain consult. Eating was a relatively healthy way to relieve the stress of isolation. Second, it suggests that the modular, hierarchical, "bucket brigade" model of the brain popularized by computer engineers needs to be replaced by a more dynamic view of the brain in which there is a tremendous amount of back-and-forth interaction between different levels in the hierarchy and across different modules. The experiments on referred sensations in phantom limbs are important for 2 reasons: First, they suggest that, contrary to the static picture of brain maps provided by neuroanatomists, topography is extremely labile. The symptoms experienced with phantom breast syndrome are similar to those experienced after amputation of an arm or a leg (but usually less painful). Phantom breast pain may occur along with other late effects of breast cancer treatment, whether physical or emotional. $18.69 $ 18. This may be the first known instance of a successful amputation of a phantom limb! We're here for the LOLs. RJStryker Systematic psychophysical testing and functional imaging studies on patients with phantom limbs provide 2 unique opportunities. 137(1):261-271. doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2253-8, Guerreiro Godoy Mde F, Pereira de Godoy AC, de Matos MJ, Guimares TD, Barufi S. Phantom breast syndrome in women after mastectomy. Breast Journal. FREE delivery Sat, Feb 18 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon. For example, a soldier whose hand was blown off by a grenade felt as if he was still clutching it. Indeed, even in individuals with intact limbs, the body image is highly malleable; one can lengthen one's nose, or even project one's sensations onto external objects, such as Halloween masks, tables, and chairs merely by using appropriate patterns of tactile stimulation. Brain, 121(9), 16031630. Phantom Mask Syndrome Is Real Mask Up Yours Conspiracy Fact Latest Stories Breaking The Narrative Phantom Mask Syndrome Is Real April 19, 2022 For Karen Kevins removing her mask seemed like the easiest thing to do, until it wasn't. "I hated wearing a mask," says the 35-year-old marketing specialist from Toronto, Canada. This can include not only pain, but non-painful sensations such as itching, heaviness, and more. I even have a mask with a flap so that I can eat and drink, but I havent been doing much of that lately. Anti-aunt Variant: An excuse used to further delay visits of Auntie Vaxxers, as in A new variant just turned up from Tasmania, so you and Uncle Lloyd might need to hold off a littlelonger., Super-Mutant Variant: A far more dire and usually fictional excuse used when the first variant doesnt work, as in I hear that this new strain mainly attacks elderly bald men who bowl, so you can understand why Im worried about Uncle Lloyd getting it.. 2023 American Medical Association. Rational treatment of chemotherapy-Induced peripheral neuropathy with capsaicin 8% patch: From pain relief towards disease modification. This is a community for all those who religiously adhere to the tenets of the Church of COVID That a similar reorganization occurs in the adult human cortex over distances of 2 to 3 cm was first shown by our group using magnetoencephalography (Figure 1).3,8-10 After amputation of an arm, sensory input from the face begins to activate the hand area of the Penfield homunculus in cortical area S1. While phantom breast syndrome is common, it is less talked about that many issues, and women do not often mention these symptoms to their doctors. Red indicates face; green, hand; and blue, upper arm. Sacks, O., & Otten, E. (1992). The term was first coined on social media and has spread faster than covid at a vaccine clinic. Nonsurgical treatments that may relieve phantom pain include shock therapy (or electroconvulsive therapy), acupuncture, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Even in the adult brain, massive reorganization can occur over extremely short periods, and referred sensations can therefore be used as a "marker" for plasticity in the adult human brain. It would be especially interesting to see if such an improvement also occurs on the face skin ipsilateral to amputation. Im Thrilled to Announce That Nothing Is Going On with Me. Finally, we predicted14 that if the remapping were at least partly cortical (rather than thalamic), then after deafferentation caused by central white matter lesions, one should observe sensations by referral from normal skin areas to the deafferented zones. For this reason, it was generally thought that amputees imagined their phantom sensation. If he looked into the shiny right side of the mirror, the reflection of his own right hand is optically superimposed on the felt location of his phantom limb so that he has the distinct visual illusion that the phantom limb had been resurrected. Every resident of the Village Landais has dementiaand the autonomy to spend each day however they please. Lumpectomy vs. Mastectomy: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, and More, Phantom Limb Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments, Partial Mastectomy: Purpose, Preparation, Recovery, How HER2-Negative Breast Cancer Is Treated, Lymphedema After Mastectomy: Pain Management Tips, Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Recurrence After Mastectomy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), Long-term effects of breast cancer surgery, treatment, and survivor care, Phantom breast syndrome: The effect of in situ breast carcinoma, Phantom breast and other syndromes after mastectomy: Eight breast cancer patients describe their experiences over time: A 2-year follow-up study, Phantom breast sensations following mastectomy, Frequency and associated factors of phantom breast syndrome in women submitted to mastectomy for breast cancer, Capsaicin 8% patch treatment for amputation stump and phantom limb pain: A clinical and functional MRI study, Rational treatment of chemotherapy-Induced peripheral neuropathy with capsaicin 8% patch: From pain relief towards disease modification, Electrocortical analysis of patients with intercostobrachial pain treated with TENS after breast cancer surgery, Social networks, social support, and burden in relationships, and mortality after breast cancer diagnosis in the Life After Breast Cancer Epidemiology (LACE) study, Phantom breast syndrome in women after mastectomy, Pain stemming from damage to the intercostobrachial nerves, Pain due to neuromas (lumps of nerve tissue that can form after a nerve is damaged), Itching (though scratching doesn't help and this can be distressing), Premenstrual breast discomfort type of symptoms, Opioids, while there is some evidence that opioids can cause changes in the brain that might alleviate phantom limb pain, their use for phantom breast pain is usually discouraged, Antidepressants, such as amitryptyline or Cymbalta (duloxetine), Mexitil (mexiletine), a medication ordinarily used for abnormal heart rhythms, Others, including clonidine, calcitonin, and more. 2018;3(4):137-142. Omissions? Back off. Uterine and cervical changes. And now were both fine. Yeah, I mightve picked up some bad habits, but I did what I needed to do, O.K.? These sensations are very common and normal, and addressing both the physical symptoms, and the emotional impact they have can help ensure you are living the best life possible after your mastectomy. Particularly now that the provincial government has extended the mandate in high risk settings until at least June 11. The COVID psychological warfare on the human race is unprecedented, adds our secret social worker. VSCobb Covalgia: Nostalgia for certain aspects of the pandemice.g., reduced traffic, more birds, fewer mass shootings, no office birthday parties. [2], Smiling is an important skill for Japanese women working in the service industry. The hot and suffocating KN94 and KN95 masks may be slightly better but only marginally when they are fit tested and worn for only short periods of time under sterile conditions. Some of the different strategies that have been used (with or without evidence of benefit) include: Categories of medications that may be considered include: Topical treatments have the advantage that they are usually associated with fewer side effects. Nor did they have any method of treating it. [3], The smile mask syndrome has also been identified in Korea. The COVID psychological warfareon the human race is unprecedented, adds our secret social worker. Do You Have Phantom Mask Syndrome? I predict masks are going to be the next pandemic, says Kevins, who lives alone. $1199$19.99. Implantable treatments, generally used only after noninvasive treatments have failed, include deep brain stimulation, intrathecal drug delivery systems, and spinal cord stimulation. Little is known about how to prevent phantom breast syndrome, though it's known that ensuring adequate relief of acute pain following surgery may decrease the occurrence of chronic pain in the future. 2023 Cond Nast. A French Villages Radical Vision of a Good Life with Alzheimers. HPBender I think Im just wired that way. It found that commonly worn cloth and surgical masks are only roughly 10 per cent efficient at blocking exhaled aerosols. Privacy Policy| For instance, if you watch the experimenter stroking a shoe or a table surface while he simultaneously, in perfect synchrony, strikes and taps your knee hidden from you under the table, you will experience the touch sensations as emerging from the shoe or table. Nausea and vomiting. Some patients claim that they can experience vivid voluntary movements2 in their phantom limb, presumably because reafference signals from motor commands sent to the phantom limb are monitored in the cerebellum and parietal lobes. Anti-Masquer: Someone opposed to masques (a sixteenth-century form of amateur dramatic entertainment) for reasons that have nothing to do with anything. And while the doctors of Twitter recommend wearing two to three masks and even goggles, its getting harder and harder for people like Kevins to break free and see the truth. Lax Vaxxer: Someone who experiences full vaccination the way an animal might experience being freed from a zoo: by running wild and invading other peoples personal space. Finally, phantom limbs also allow us to explore intersensory effects and the manner in which the brain constructs and updates a "body image" throughout life. COVID Denialism: Oh, so now its my drinking? We accept people of all sexual orientations so long as they only copulate through the COVID repelling cleanliness of a glory hole. FENoninvasive detection of cerebral plasticity in adult human somatosensory cortex. The associated pain in the elbow and wrist also vanished. Fellows assistant, Center for American Progress, Washington, D.C. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It has been reported to occur in 80-100% of amputees, and typically has a chronic course, often resistant to treatment. Our light up purge mask are available in a total of five colors, including: blue, green, red, orange, purple. People have been traumatized for the past two years, says a Toronto social worker from CAMH who asked her name not be used. ramachandran and the material culture of phantom limb research. How then could Mr. Wittgenstein feel a hand that was no longer attached to him? Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Whether PVS is the result of physical nerve damage, a mental health issue, or both, this growing phenomenon seems to indicate that we may have crossed a line in this 'always on' society. Members must follow all revelations and dictates from our prophet The Holy Dr. Anthony Fauci (739 Masks be upon him). Smile mask syndrome (Japanese: , Hepburn: sumairu kamen shkgun), abbreviated SMS, is a psychological disorder proposed by professor Makoto Natsume of Osaka Shoin Women's University, in which subjects develop depression and physical illness as a result of prolonged, unnatural smiling. With neuropathy, it's thought that the patches may actually lead to regeneration and restoration of the sensory nerve fibers responsible for symptoms, suggesting that the patches may be beneficial over the long term rather than just while they are being used.. Podcast - Episode 10 Featuring guest Amy Hamm Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Old Medication, New Use: Can Prazosin Curb Drinking? Auntie Vaxxers: The cascade of relatives due to visit you now that theyve been vaccinated. It is unknown, unnatural, and horrifying. I Wonder Why", "Phantom phone signals and other hallucinatory-like experiences: Investigation of similarities and differences", "Phantom vibration syndrome among medical staff: a cross sectional survey", "Do You Have 'Phantom Vibration Syndrome'? De-Bradying: The shock of realizing not only that other humans are three-dimensional but also that they come in different sizes and generally dont fit neatly into stacked squares. There is not a lot of research into the best treatment options for uncomfortable phantom breast sensations and pain. The world had a problem. Some women experience only non-painful breast sensations whereas other women experience phantom breast pain with or without other sensations. Charles Dickens wrote about apparitions in A Christmas Carol and The Signal-Man, Shakespeare in Hamlet and Macbeth. This syndrome occurs in eighty to one hundred percent of amputees at some point and can often be a chronic condition that is . Phantom fetal movements. Phantom limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation. This despite the fact that both his hand and arm were no longer there. . Some patients experience excruciatingly painful involuntary clenching spasms in the phantom limb; they experience their nails digging into their phantom palm and are unable to open the hand voluntarily to relieve the pain. Ramachandran [3], Last edited on 28 December 2022, at 10:52, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smile_mask_syndrome&oldid=1130051074, This page was last edited on 28 December 2022, at 10:52. But being unique isnt a plus when youre a patient. Phantom breast pain and sensations usually begin within the first year following a mastectomy and often become less noticeable two years after surgery.. The Third Surge: The third rerelease of the highly caffeinated soft drink Surge, which was first marketed by the Coca-Cola Company to compete with Mountain Dew. 6 Jun. Yet, while this is similar to phantom extremity symptoms, the symptoms appeared to cause less distress after a mastectomy than those associated with amputation of a limb.. 2013. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). But no interference occurs in a patient with a "paralyzed" phantom limb who simply imagines that he is moving his phantom limb.19 Thus, the interference must be of cortical origin and is not a result of feedback from the arm.

The Molar Bitewing Image Should Be Centered Over The:, 2017 Buick Envision Parking Brake Problems, Articles P

Share
Go top